ISE07/18-19
主題: | 衞生事務、晚期照顧服務 |
香港預設醫療指示政策的近期發展
(a) | 拒絕接受維持生命治療:病人可在標準表格上,選擇在3種指明情況下拒絶接受某些維持生命治療(例如心肺復甦法、人工輔助呼吸及人工營養),12註釋符號代表為"減少病人因為簽署較複雜的完整版預設醫療指示而可能承受的心理壓力",醫管局在2014年引入簡短版的預設醫療指示表格,只載有拒絶接受心肺復甦法的選項,心肺復甦法是常見的侵入式維持生命治療。請參閱Hospital Authority (2015b)。 該等情況分別為(i)病情到了末期;(ii)處於持續植物人狀況;及(iii)其他晚期不可逆轉的生存受限疾病;13註釋符號代表"其他晚期不可逆轉的生存受限疾病"包括(i)晚期腎衰竭、晚期運動神經元疾病或晚期慢性阻塞性肺病,這些疾病由於可用透析治療或輔助呼吸治療維持生命,因此不屬"病情到了末期";及(ii)不可逆轉主要腦功能喪失及極差的機能狀況。請參閱Hospital Authority (2014)。
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(b) | 由兩名見證人簽署,當中包括一名醫生:預設醫療指示表格須由兩名見證人簽署,其中一人必須為註冊醫生,而該名醫生須信納病人在精神上有能力作決定,以及清楚了解預設醫療指示中所作出的決定。如該名醫生任職醫管局,亦可借此機會與病人及其家屬商討預設醫療指示和晚期照顧的事宜;14註釋符號代表醫管局在2015年修訂《對維持末期病人生命治療的指引》,引入預定臨終照顧計劃的概念,以鼓勵病人及其家屬參與有關晚期照顧的討論。請參閱Hospital Authority (2015a)。
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(c) | 預設醫療指示在病人喪失精神上的行為能力時生效:當病人處於上述3種指明情況而喪失自決能力時,預設醫療指示便會生效。這些情況須由兩名醫生證明;及
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(d) | 非醫管局醫生作見證人的預設醫療指示適用性:醫管局會把由醫管局醫生見證的預設醫療指示存檔,以便在需要時進行交叉核對。然而,如預設醫療指示是由醫管局以外的醫生簽署,其有效性或會受到醫管局醫生質疑。倘若病人家屬對預設醫療指示存有疑問,主診醫生在釐清問題前及等待期間,仍須為病人維持生命治療。 |
美國預設醫療指示政策的發展
(a) | 與病人當前的晚期狀況更密切相關:醫囑表格由晚期病人與主診醫生或護士共同簽署,因此在應用時更切合實際情況(而非預設醫療指示中的假設情況);
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(b) | 指令更具體及易於執行:醫囑表格所述的醫療狀況較預設醫療指示的更為具體,令醫生和急救人員較容易決定應否(i)為病人急救;(ii)將病人送院或(iii)不採取以上任何行動;及
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(c) | 對緊急狀況更具適用性:醫囑表格是為所有醫療護理環境(包括醫療緊急事故)而設,美國不少州份為此修訂法例或實務守則,准許急救人員按照醫囑表格的指示不施行治療。某些州份更引入電子系統,方便急救人員查閱醫囑表格。31註釋符號代表Office of National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (2018)。 |
觀察所得
立法會秘書處
資訊服務部
資料研究組
劉絜文
2019年6月6日
香港
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1. | Centre for Health Protection. (2019) Number of Deaths by Leading Causes of Death, 2001 - 2018.
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2. | Chinese University of Hong Kong. (2018) CUHK Pioneers in Developing Standardised Tests for Screening Cognitive Impairment in the Ageing Population in Hong Kong.
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4. | Food and Health Bureau. (2009) Introduction of the Concept of Advance Directives in Hong Kong.
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5. | GovHK. (2012) LCQ1: Advance directives.
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6. | GovHK. (2019) LCQ15: Advance directives in relation to medical treatment.
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9. | Hospital Authority. (2015b) Q&A on DNACPR.
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11. | Law Reform Commission. (2006) Report on Substitute Decision-making and Advance Directives in Relation to Medical Treatment.
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12. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2018) Report of Joint Subcommittee on Long-term Care Policy. LC Paper No. CB(2)852/17-18 Annex I.
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13. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2019) Panel on Health Services - List of outstanding items for discussion (position as at 10 April 2019). LC Paper No. CB(2)1167/18-19(01).
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美國
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18. | California Department of Justice. (2019) Advance Health Care Directive Form.
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19. | Department of Health and Human Services. (2008) Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning: Report to Congress.
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21. | Government Accountability Office. (2019) Advance Care Planning - Selected States' Efforts to Educate and Address Access Challenges.
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26. | Oregon Health & Science University. (2014) POLST orders successfully guide end of life medical treatment.
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27. | Pew Research Center. (2006) Strong Public Support for Right to Die.
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其他
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30. | Irish Hospice Foundation. (2016) Advance healthcare directives.
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31. | Kitzinger, J. et al. (2016) Increasing understanding and uptake of Advance Decisions in Wales.
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32. | Nys, H. et al. (2013) Rights, autonomy and dignity of people with dementia: competence assessment and advance directives.
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33. | Sulmasy, D.P. (2018) Italy's New Advance Directive Law: When in Rome. JAMA Intern Med, 178(5), May, pp. 607-608.
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34. | White, B. et al. (2014) Prevalence and predictors of advance directives in Australia. Internal Medicine Journal, 44(10), October, pp. 975-980.
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