ISE02/20-21
主題: | 經濟發展、燃油、消費者保障、競爭、透明度 |
香港近年的車用燃油價格趨勢
澳洲監管機構在車用燃油市場的強制收集資料權力
(a) | 須先獲部長批准:競爭和消費者委員會一般會先請油公司自行提交所需資料,如油公司拒絕遵從,則會引用強制權力。根據《競爭及消費者法》,在引用強制收集資料的權力前,須先獲財政部長批准。就此發出的部長指令(涵蓋監察目標、範圍及所需資料)的有效期,通常只有1-3年;17註釋符號代表1998年以前,有意見批評正式價格監察措施遭濫用,當地因而引入部長指令,以作制衡。自2007年年底開始,澳洲政府連續6次延長有關指令期限,將正式車用燃油價格監察措施的有效期延至2022年12月。請參閱Productivity Commission (2001)。
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(b) | 機密資料的保障:《競爭及消費者法》訂有以下保障措施,以保護資料提供者的"商業機密"。首先,競爭和消費者委員會只可獲取部長指令訂明的指定機密資料。其次,市場研究報告僅可展示整體結果,避免任何人能從中推算出個別公司資料的情況。再者,競爭和消費者委員會的委員如非法披露受保護資料,可被判處兩年監禁(因公眾利益而披露除外);
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(c) | 必須資料以作分析的涵蓋範圍:競爭和消費者委員會獲賦予的強制收集資料權力,包括各個界別(即零售、煉油及批發)的所有主要市場參與者的機密資料,涵蓋銷售額、價格、成本與利潤,用作深入分析。該委員會將評估市場的盈利能力,並決定(i)汽油牌價是否合乎經濟效益;(ii)成本基礎是否具效益;及(iii)油公司的資本回報率是否合理;18註釋符號代表衡量行業盈利能力的主要量化指標包括:(a)毛利;(b)毛利率;(c)純利;(d)銷售回報;(e)資產回報;及(f)資本額回報。競爭和消費者委員會將這些指標套用到財務模型,用以分析行業的財務表現。請參閱Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2017)。 及
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(d) | 油公司對資料涵蓋範圍的意見:競爭和消費者委員會在索取資料前,會就指明資料範本諮詢業界意見。該委員會可因應業界意見和關注,修訂資料要求及資料範本內容。持份者如認為強制資料要求或施加的罰則不能接受,可向法院提出上訴。19註釋符號代表機構若未能按強制收集資料權力的要求提供資料,或向競爭和消費者委員會提供虛假或具誤導性的資料,每次違規可被罰款4,440澳元(24,908港元)。 |
立法會秘書處
資訊服務部
資料研究組
梁志傑
2020年10月21日
香港
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1. | Census and Statistics Department. (2020) Table 130: Unit Values of Imports of Selected Oil Products.
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2. | Commerce and Economic Development Bureau. (2019) Government's response on Motion Passed under Agenda Item III on "Report on the work of the Competition Commission" at Meeting on 29 April 2019. LC Paper No. CB(4)966/18-19(01).
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3. | Competition Commission. (2017) Report on Study into Hong Kong's Auto-fuel Market.
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4. | Consumer Council. (1999) Energizing the Energy Market: A Study of Motor Gasoline, Diesel and LPG Markets in Hong Kong.
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5. | Consumer Council. (2015) Auto-fuel Price Monitoring Analysis.
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6. | Consumer Council. (2016) Report on Auto-Fuel Price Monitoring 2016.
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7. | Consumer Council. (2020) Auto-fuel Price Monitoring Analysis 2020.
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8. | GovHK. (2016a) LCQ18: Prices of auto-fuels and domestic liquefied petroleum gas.
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9. | GovHK. (2016b) LCQ8: Fuel prices.
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10. | GovHK. (2017a) LCQ22: Competition conditions of auto-fuels market in Hong Kong.
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11. | GovHK. (2017b) LCQ1: Competition Commission's report on Hong Kong's auto-fuel market.
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12. | GovHK. (2020a) LCQ6: Retail prices of auto-fuels.
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13. | GovHK. (2020b) LCQ13: Fuel prices.
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14. | GovHK. (2020c) LCQ8: Promoting competition in fuel market.
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15. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2004) Retail prices of oil products. Background brief submitted to the Panel on Economic Services of the Legislative Council. LC Paper No. CB(1)487/04-05.
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16. | Minutes of meeting on Economic Development of the Legislative Council. (2017) 22 May. LC Paper No. CB(4)1479/16-17.
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17. | Minutes of meeting on Economic Development of the Legislative Council. (2018) 17 July. LC Paper No. CB(4)1560/17-18.
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18. | Minutes of meeting on Economic Development of the Legislative Council. (2019) 29 April. LC Paper No. CB(4)1221/18-19.
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19. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2020) Tables and graphs showing the import and retail prices of major oil products from September 2018 to August 2020 furnished by the Census and Statistics Department. LC Paper No. CB(4)908/19-20(01).
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澳洲
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20. | Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2007) Petrol prices and Australian consumers: Report of the ACCC inquiry into the price of unleaded petrol.
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21. | Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2008) Monitoring of the Australian petroleum industry: Report of the ACCC into the prices, costs and profits of unleaded petrol in Australia.
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22. | Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2017) Statement of regulatory approach to assessing price notifications under Part VIIA of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.
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23. | Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2019) Report on the Australian petroleum market: June quarter 2019.
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24. | Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2020) Financial performance of the Australian downstream petroleum industry 2002 to 2018.
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25. | Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (various years) ACCC & AER annual report.
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26. | Department of the Environment and Energy. (2019) Australian Energy Update 2019.
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27. | Parliament of Australia. (2006) Inquiry into the Price of Petrol in Australia.
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28. | Productivity Commission. (2001) Review of the Price Surveillance Act 1983 Inquiry Report. Report No. 14.
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其他
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29. | GlobalPetrolPrices.com. (2020) Most expensive gasoline in the world.
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30. | International Energy Agency. (2020) Energy Prices 2020.
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31. | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2013) Competition in Road Fuel.
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32. | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016) The Role of Market Studies as a Tool to Promote Competition.
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