ISE07/18-19
主题: | 卫生事务、晚期照顾服务 |
香港预设医疗指示政策的近期发展
(a) | 拒绝接受维持生命治疗:病人可在标准表格上,选择在3种指明情况下拒绝接受某些维持生命治疗(例如心肺复苏法、人工辅助呼吸及人工营养),12注释符号代表为"减少病人因为签署较复杂的完整版预设医疗指示而可能承受的心理压力",医管局在2014年引入简短版的预设医疗指示表格,只载有拒绝接受心肺复苏法的选项,心肺复苏法是常见的侵入式维持生命治疗。请参阅Hospital Authority (2015b)。 该等情况分别为(i)病情到了末期;(ii)处于持续植物人状况;及(iii)其他晚期不可逆转的生存受限疾病;13注释符号代表"其他晚期不可逆转的生存受限疾病"包括(i)晚期肾衰竭、晚期运动神经元疾病或晚期慢性阻塞性肺病,这些疾病由于可用透析治疗或辅助呼吸治疗维持生命,因此不属"病情到了末期";及(ii)不可逆转主要脑功能丧失及极差的机能状况。请参阅Hospital Authority (2014)。
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(b) | 由两名见证人签署,当中包括一名医生:预设医疗指示表格须由两名见证人签署,其中一人必须为注册医生,而该名医生须信纳病人在精神上有能力作决定,以及清楚了解预设医疗指示中所作出的决定。如该名医生任职医管局,亦可借此机会与病人及其家属商讨预设医疗指示和晚期照顾的事宜;14注释符号代表医管局在2015年修订《对维持末期病人生命治疗的指引》,引入预定临终照顾计划的概念,以鼓励病人及其家属参与有关晚期照顾的讨论。请参阅Hospital Authority (2015a)。
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(c) | 预设医疗指示在病人丧失精神上的行为能力时生效:当病人处于上述3种指明情况而丧失自决能力时,预设医疗指示便会生效。这些情况须由两名医生证明;及
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(d) | 非医管局医生作见证人的预设医疗指示适用性:医管局会把由医管局医生见证的预设医疗指示存档,以便在需要时进行交叉核对。然而,如预设医疗指示是由医管局以外的医生签署,其有效性或会受到医管局医生质疑。倘若病人家属对预设医疗指示存有疑问,主诊医生在厘清问题前及等待期间,仍须为病人维持生命治疗。 |
美国预设医疗指示政策的发展
(a) | 与病人当前的晚期状况更密切相关:医嘱表格由晚期病人与主诊医生或护士共同签署,因此在应用时更切合实际情况(而非预设医疗指示中的假设情况);
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(b) | 指令更具体及易于执行:医嘱表格所述的医疗状况较预设医疗指示的更为具体,令医生和急救人员较容易决定应否(i)为病人急救;(ii)将病人送院或(iii)不采取以上任何行动;及
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(c) | 对紧急状况更具适用性:医嘱表格是为所有医疗护理环境(包括医疗紧急事故)而设,美国不少州份为此修订法例或实务守则,准许急救人员按照医嘱表格的指示不施行治疗。某些州份更引入电子系统,方便急救人员查阅医嘱表格。31注释符号代表Office of National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (2018)。 |
观察所得
立法会秘书处
资讯服务部
资料研究组
刘絜文
2019年6月6日
香港
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1. | Centre for Health Protection. (2019) Number of Deaths by Leading Causes of Death, 2001 - 2018.
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2. | Chinese University of Hong Kong. (2018) CUHK Pioneers in Developing Standardised Tests for Screening Cognitive Impairment in the Ageing Population in Hong Kong.
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3. | Chung, R. et al. (2017) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preferences of Advance Decisions, End-of-Life Care, and Place of Care and Death in Hong Kong. A Population-Based Telephone Survey of 1067 Adults. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(4), April, pp. 367.e19-367.e27.
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4. | Food and Health Bureau. (2009) Introduction of the Concept of Advance Directives in Hong Kong.
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5. | GovHK. (2012) LCQ1: Advance directives.
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6. | GovHK. (2019) LCQ15: Advance directives in relation to medical treatment.
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7. | Hospital Authority. (2014) Full HA AD Form.
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8. | Hospital Authority. (2015a) Guidelines on Life-Sustaining Treatment in the Terminally Ill.
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9. | Hospital Authority. (2015b) Q&A on DNACPR.
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10. | Hospital Authority. (2016) Guidance for HA Clinicians on Advance Directives in Adults.
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11. | Law Reform Commission. (2006) Report on Substitute Decision-making and Advance Directives in Relation to Medical Treatment.
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12. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2018) Report of Joint Subcommittee on Long-term Care Policy. LC Paper No. CB(2)852/17-18 Annex I.
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13. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2019) Panel on Health Services - List of outstanding items for discussion (position as at 10 April 2019). LC Paper No. CB(2)1167/18-19(01).
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14. | Luk, JK. (2018) End-of-life services for older people in residential care homes in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 24(1), February, pp. 63-67.
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15. | Tse, CY. (2018) Advance Care Planning and Advance Directives in Hong Kong: Concepts and Developments.
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16. | 陈晓蕾:《香港好走有选择?》,三联书店(香港)有限公司2016年12月版。
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美国
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17. | Calfo, S. et al. (2004) Last Year of Life Study.
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18. | California Department of Justice. (2019) Advance Health Care Directive Form.
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19. | Department of Health and Human Services. (2008) Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning: Report to Congress.
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20. | Government Accountability Office. (2015) Advance Directives: Information on Federal Oversight, Provider Implementation, and Prevalence.
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21. | Government Accountability Office. (2019) Advance Care Planning - Selected States' Efforts to Educate and Address Access Challenges.
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22. | Hannibal, B. (2019) State Laws on Pregnancy and Health Care Directives.
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23. | Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2014) Dying in America: Improving Quality and Honoring Individual Preferences Near the End of Life.
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24. | National POLST Paradigm. (2019) About POLST.
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25. | Office of National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. (2018) Electronic Access to POLST Documentation through HIE.
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26. | Oregon Health & Science University. (2014) POLST orders successfully guide end of life medical treatment.
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27. | Pew Research Center. (2006) Strong Public Support for Right to Die.
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28. | Pew Research Center. (2013) Views on End-of-Life Medical Treatments.
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29. | Sabatino, C. (2007) Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning: Legal and Policy Issues.
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其他
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30. | Irish Hospice Foundation. (2016) Advance healthcare directives.
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31. | Kitzinger, J. et al. (2016) Increasing understanding and uptake of Advance Decisions in Wales.
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32. | Nys, H. et al. (2013) Rights, autonomy and dignity of people with dementia: competence assessment and advance directives.
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33. | Sulmasy, D.P. (2018) Italy's New Advance Directive Law: When in Rome. JAMA Intern Med, 178(5), May, pp. 607-608.
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34. | White, B. et al. (2014) Prevalence and predictors of advance directives in Australia. Internal Medicine Journal, 44(10), October, pp. 975-980.
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