ISE21/20-21

主题: 人口政策儿童及家庭支援、生育


香港的近期生育趋势及育儿友善政策

图1 - 1980-2020年期间的活产婴儿数目及总和生育率

图1 - 1980-2020年期间的活产婴儿数目及总和生育率

资料来源: Census and Statistics Department (2021a)。

新加坡的生育政策及育儿友善政策

图2 - 1970-2020年期间新加坡与其他选定地方的总和生育率

图2 - 1970-2020年期间新加坡与其他选定地方的总和生育率

注: (1)截至2019年的最新数字。
资料来源:Department of Statistics Singapore (2021)、Census and Statistics Department (2021a)、Ministry of Labor (2021)、Statistics Korea (2021)、Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021)及World Bank (2021)。

结语

  • 有鉴本地生育率持续下跌,社会上存在持续倡议,要求政府推出更多鼓励生育措施。虽然新加坡的生育措施颇为积极,并被誉为于亚洲中"最为全面",但其生育率却不较其他亚洲地方特别优胜。部分论者认为,新加坡的举措未能扭转生育率跌势,但亦有论者表示若非该等措施的提振作用,当地生育率甚且会跌至更低水平。


立法会秘书处
资讯服务部
资料研究组
林升阳
2021年8月4日


附注:

1.总和生育率量度每名妇女在整个生育年龄周期中(即15-49岁),生育子女的平均数目。请参阅Census and Statistics Department (2020a及2021a)。

2.Yip, P.S.F. (2014)、Lui, C.W.L. (2019)及Youth I.D.E.A.S. (2018)。

3.Census and Statistics Department (2020c)。

4.议员曾分别在2017年3月及11月的立法会会议上,各提出一项相关质询;其后又在2020年7月立法会审议《2019年雇佣(修订)条例草案》、2021年5月辩论有关设立"新生代基金"的议员议案,以及2021年6月的行政长官答问会期间,多次讨论相关议题。请参阅GovHK(2017a及2017b)。

5.United Nations Population Division (2015)。

6.该等中国公民所生婴儿在活产婴儿总数的比例,由2001年的1.3%激增至2011年37.4%的最高位,其后逐步回落至2020年的0.5%。请参阅Census and Statistics Department (2021b)。

7.Census and Statistics Department (2021a)及World Bank (2021)。

8.Census and Statistics Department (2020a及2021c)。

9.Kisi (2021)。

10.Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre (2014)。

11.Census and Statistics Department (2018)。

12.Chen, M. and Yip, P.S.F. (2017)及Rindfuss, R.R. and Choe, M.K. (2015)。

13.Census and Statistics Department (2020b及2020c)。

14.GovHK (2017b)及Chief Secretary for Administration's Office (2015)。

15.获政府资助的独立幼儿中心及附设于幼稚园的幼儿中心的总和。

16.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019)。

17.Leung, L.C. (2016)。

18.Legislative Council Secretariat (2019)。

19.GovHK (2017a)、Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit (2021)及Centre of Assisted Reproduction and Embryology (2021)。

20.辅助生殖科技治疗包括人工授精、体外受精及冷藏胚胎移植等。香港私营机构提供体外受精服务的收费,每个疗程可高达10万港元以上。

21.Yip, P.S.F. (2014)、Lui, C.W.L. (2019)及Youth I.D.E.A.S. (2018)。

22.55个地方之中,27个位于欧洲(包括法国和德国),18个位于亚洲(包括新加坡和日本)。请参阅United Nations Population Fund (2019)。

23.Jones, G.W. and Hamid, W. (2015)。

24.Ministry of Social and Family Development (2021)。

25.新加坡政府作出配对供款的上限如下:第1名子女3,000 新加坡元(17,460 港元),第2名子女6,000 新加坡元(34,920 港元),第3名及第4名子女增至9,000 新加坡元(52,380 港元),第5名及以上子女15,000 新加坡元(87,300 港元)。

26.第2名子女的家长稅务回扣限为10,000 新加坡元(58,200 港元),第3名及以上子女则为20,000 新加坡元(116,400 港元)。请参阅Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (2021a)。

27.根据在职母亲子女评稅扣减,育有第2名子女的在职母亲可获豁免计算20%的收入,育有第3名及以上子女者,获豁免计算25%的收入。请参阅Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (2021b)。

28.经双方同意后,在职父亲可分享妻子的产假,上限为4星期,以作为共同育儿假。请参阅Ministry of Manpower (2021b及2021c)。

29.Ministry of Manpower (2021a及2021d)。

30.每月收入低于限额(12,000 新加坡元或69,840 港元)的家庭,可获额外资助,上限为每月710 新加坡元(4,130 港元)。请参阅Government of Singapore (2020b)。

31.相关经营者须将全日制托儿服务及婴幼儿照顾服务的每月收费,分别维持在低于760 新加坡元(4,420 港元)及1,330 新加坡元(7,740 港元)的水平。请参阅Early Childhood Development Agency (2020)。

32.新冠疫情爆发后,领取工作与生活和谐津贴的受惠对象在2020年4-8月期间急增,涵盖约8 000家公司逾9万名雇员。请参阅Ministry of Manpower (2020)。

33.Housing and Development Board (2021b)。

34.Housing and Development Board (2021c)。

35.Housing and Development Board (2021a)。

36.Government of Singapore (2020a)及Ministry of Health (2020)。

37.United Nations Population Divisions (2015)。

38.Koh, C.Y. (2018)。

39.Jones, G.W. and Hamid, W. (2015)。

40.Jones, G.W. and Hamid, W. (2015)。

41.United Nations Population Fund (2019)。


参考资料:

香港

1.Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit. (2021) Public Service Appointment.

2.Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre. (2014) Launch of the city's first comprehensive Child Cost Calculator.

3.Census and Statistics Department. (2018) 2016 Population By-census (Thematic Report: Persons Living in Subdivided Units).

4.Census and Statistics Department. (2020a) Fertility Trend in Hong Kong, 1981 to 2019.

5.Census and Statistics Department. (2020b) Hong Kong Population Projections 2020-2069.

6.Census and Statistics Department. (2020c) Table E486: Hong Kong Labour Force Projections.

7.Census and Statistics Department. (2021a) Table 3: Vital Events.

8.Census and Statistics Department. (2021b) Table 4: Number of live births born in Hong Kong to Mainland women.

9.Census and Statistics Department. (2021c) Women and Men in Hong Kong - Key Statistics (2021 Edition).

10.Centre of Assisted Reproduction and Embryology. (2021) Contact Us.

11.Chen, M. and Yip, P.S.F. (2017) The Discrepancy Between Ideal and Actual Parity in Hong Kong: Fertility Desire, Intention, and Behavior. Population Research and Policy Review, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 583-605.

12.Chief Secretary for Administration's Office. (2015) Population Policy: Strategies and Initiatives.

13.GovHK. (2017a) LCQ8: Medical support for women in relation to child birth.

14.GovHK. (2017b) LCQ15: Measures to encourage childbearing.

15.Legislative Council Secretariat. (2019) Opportunities and challenges facing maternal workforce in Hong Kong.

16.Leung, L.C. (2016) Making Policy for Child Care in Hong Kong.

17.Lui, C.W.L. (2019) Family Policies, Social Norms and Fertility Decisions: A Survey Experiment.

18.Rindfuss, R.R. and Choe, M.K. (2015) Diversity across Low-Fertility Countries: An Overview. Low and Lower Fertility, pp. 1-13.

19.Yip, P.S.F. (2014) A Study of Aspiration of Fertility amongst Married Women in Hong Kong (Age 15-49).

20.Youth I.D.E.A.S. (2018) Boosting Birth Rate in Hong Kong.


新加坡

21.Department of Statistics Singapore. (2021) Births And Fertility Rates, Annual.

22.Early Childhood Development Agency. (2020) More Families to Benefit from Lower Fee Caps at 324 Childcare Centres Appointed as Partner Operators.

23.Government of Singapore. (2020a) Co-Funding For Assisted Conception Procedures (ACP).

24.Government of Singapore. (2020b) Subsidies For Preschool.

25.Housing and Development Board. (2021a) Fiancé/Fiancée Scheme.

26.Housing and Development Board. (2021b) Parenthood Priority Scheme (PPS).

27.Housing and Development Board. (2021c) Third Child Priority Scheme (TCPS).

28.Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. (2021a) Parenthood Tax Rebate (PTR).

29.Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. (2021b) Working Mother's Child Relief (WMCR).

30.Jones, G.W. and Hamid, W. (2015) Singapore's Pro-natalist Policies: To What Extent Have They Worked? Low and Lower Fertility, pp. 33-61.

31.Koh, C.Y. (2018) Fertility Rebound in the OECD: Insights for Singapore.

32.Ministry of Health. (2020) Extension of Assisted Conception Procedure Co-Funding to Private Assisted Reproduction Centres.

33.Ministry of Manpower. (2020) Work-Life Grant (WLG) for flexible work arrangements.

34.Ministry of Manpower. (2021a) Childcare leave eligibility and entitlement.

35.Ministry of Manpower. (2021b) Maternity leave eligibility and entitlement.

36.Ministry of Manpower. (2021c) Paternity leave.

37.Ministry of Manpower. (2021d) Unpaid infant care leave.

38.Ministry of Social and Family Development. (2021) Baby Bonus Scheme.

39.United Nations Population Division. (2015) Do pro-fertility policies in Singapore offer a model for other low-fertility countries in Asia?


其他

40.Kisi. (2021) Cities with the Best Work-Life Balance 2021.

41.Ministry of Labor. (2021) Fertility Rates of Childbearing Age Women.

42.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019) PF2.1. Parental leave systems.

43.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021) Fertility rates.

44.Statistics Korea. (2021) Preliminary Results of Birth and Death Statistics in 2020.

45.United Nations Population Fund. (2019) Policy responses to low fertility: How effective are they?

46.World Bank. (2021) Fertility rate, total (births per woman).



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