ISE06/20-21
主題: | 民政事務、福利服務、慈善機構 |
香港慈善機構的規管制度
註:(1) | 2003年起的款項包括可獲豁免繳納薪俸稅、利得稅及個人入息課稅的捐款。2001年金額則只包括前兩類稅項豁免。 |
(2) | 截至每年3月31日。 |
資料來源:Inland Revenue Department。 |
澳洲近年的慈善機構規管改革
(a) | 慈善機構的法律定義:透過《慈善法》,澳洲歷來首次訂定慈善機構的法律定義,適用於所有聯邦法例。簡言之,慈善機構必須是(a)非牟利;(b)只為慈善宗旨而成立;及(c)以公益為目標。此外,《慈善法》列出12項慈善宗旨,包括適用於現代社會的宗旨,例如動物福祉、環境保護和推廣人權。政治方面,慈善機構不可表態支持個別政黨或候選人,但倡議法例和政策改變則列為其中一項慈善宗旨;21註釋符號代表Federal Register of Legislation (2013)。
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(b) | 單一規管機構:2012年12月,澳洲慈善機構及非牟利機構委員會("慈善委員會")正式成立,編制約有100人,負責監管所有慈善機構的運作,具有調查及執法權力。22註釋符號代表慈善委員會的人員由澳洲稅務局調任,該局在2019年共有員工約19 000人。請參閱Australian National Audit Office (2020)。 如慈善機構違反管治標準(例如將款項用於非慈善用途),慈善委員會可作出警告、罷免負責人員及撤銷註冊。雖然其他政府機構仍須按其職權範圍監管慈善機構的相關事務(如發出籌款活動牌照),慈善委員會可透過分享資訊及協調執法行動,提供協助;23註釋符號代表Murray (2019)。
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(c) | 供公眾查閱的慈善機構中央紀錄冊:慈善委員會就各種法律形式的慈善機構建立紀錄冊。慈善機構必須註冊後,才可獲得政府資助(如稅項寬減),並須每年按標準格式提交管治及財務資料。24註釋符號代表為免小型慈善機構負擔過重,每年收入少於25萬澳元(140萬港元)的機構只須填寫標準表格,而收入超過100萬澳元(540萬港元)的慈善機構則另須提交經審計的財務報告。請參閱The Treasury (2018)。 有關資料及違規紀錄會上載到"一站式"入門網站,供公眾查閱;
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(d) | 規管協調:為減輕慈善機構的合規負擔,慈善委員會與其他政府機構合作,消除各部門規例不一致之處。此外,慈善委員會在2014年推出名為"慈善機構通行證"的檔案分享服務,讓其他監管機關查閱慈善機構提交的資料,減省重複呈交報告的需要;及
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(e) | 以認證方式為捐款人提供額外資訊:慈善委員會在2016年推出"註冊慈善機構標籤"認證計劃,協助公眾識別管理妥善、符合透明度和問責性標準的慈善機構。只有合資格的慈善機構,才可在籌款時展示標籤。 |
立法會秘書處
資訊服務部
資料研究組
劉絜文
2020年11月10日
香港
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1. | Audit Commission. (2017) Report No. 68 of the Director of Audit.
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2. | Financial Services and the Treasury. (2017) Letter to Public Accounts Committee on Government's support and monitoring of charity. 16 May.
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3. | GovHK. (2018) Government announces administrative measures to enhance transparency of charitable fund-raising activities and safeguard donors' interests. 1 August.
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4. | GovHK. (2019) Government introduces logo for charitable fund-raising activities for easy identification. 1 April.
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5. | HKSARG. (2017) The Government Minute in Response to the Report of the Public Accounts Committee No. 68 of July 2017. 18 October.
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6. | HKSARG. (2019) The Government Minute in Response to the Report of the Public Accounts Committee No. 71 of February 2019. 15 May.
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7. | HKSARG. (2020) The Government Minute in Response to the Report of the Public Accounts Committee No. 73 of February 2020. 27 May.
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8. | Inland Revenue Department. (2020a) Departmental Interpretation And Practice Notes No. 37 (Revised): Concessionary Deductions: Section 26c Approved Charitable Donations.
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9. | Inland Revenue Department. (2020b) Tax Guide for Charitable Institutions and Trusts of a Public Character.
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10. | Law Reform Commission. (2013) Charities.
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11. | news.gov.hk. (2009) ICAC issues fund-raising guidelines. 6 October.
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12. | Office of The Ombudsman. (2003) The Investigation Report on the Monitoring of Charitable Fund-Raising Activities.
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13. | Official Records of Proceedings of the Legislative Council. (2018) 17 January.
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14. | Public Accounts Committee. (2018) P.A.C. Report No. 68A.
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15. | 香港政府一站通:《民政事務局局長談政府對慈善機構的監管》,2017年7月12日。
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澳洲
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16. | ACNC. (2019) ACNC Annual Report 2018-19.
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17. | ACNC. (2020) Australian Charities Report 2018.
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18. | Australian National Audit Office. (2020) Regulation of Charities by the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission.
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19. | Ernst & Young. (2014) Research into Commonwealth Regulatory and Reporting Burdens on the Charity Sector.
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20. | Federal Register of Legislation. (2013) The Charity Act 2013.
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22. | Industry Commission. (1995) Charitable Organisations in Australia.
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22. | Kantar Public. (2017) ACNC Public Trust and Confidence in Australian Charities.
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23. | McGregor-Lowndes, M. (2017) Australia: Co-Production, Self-Regulation and Co-Regulation. Breen, O. B. et al. (ed.). Regulatory Waves: Comparative Perspectives on State Regulation and Self-regulation Policies in the Nonprofit Sector. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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24. | McGregor-Lowndes, M. et al. (ed.). (2017) Regulating Charities: The Inside Story. New York: Routledge.
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25. | Murray, I. (2019) Regulating Charity in a Federated State: The Australian Perspective. Nonprofit Policy Forum. 22 January.
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26. | Probono Australia. (2015a) 2015 Sector Survey.
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27. | Probono Australia. (2015b) Government Not Abolishing ACNC.
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28. | The Treasury. (2011) Consultation Paper - Scoping study for a national not-for-profit regulator.
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29. | The Treasury. (2018) Strengthening For Purpose: Australian Charities And Not For Profits Commission.
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其他
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30. | Charities Aid Foundation. (2018) CAF World Giving Index 2018.
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31. | Chevalier-Watts, J. (2018) Charity Law: International Perspectives. New York: Routledge.
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