ISE13/20-21
主題: | 交通、自動駕駛車輛、智慧城市、智慧出行、監理沙盒 |
自動駕駛車輛的機遇和挑戰
香港的自動駕駛車輛政策
新加坡的經驗
(a) | 消除法律上有關自動車的測試和使用的不確定性:當局於2017年2月修訂《道路交通法令》(Road Traffic Act),界定自動駕駛車輛、自動駕駛系統及自動化技術的定義。有關修訂是新加坡首次在法律上承認自動車的特殊地位。雖然該法令沒有明文規定,但交通部長(Minister for Transport)表明該法令將適用於3級或以上的自動車。18註釋符號代表請參閱Ministry of Transport (2017)。
具體而言,有關修訂引入一個"平衡、輕度"及靈活的"監理沙盒",訂明多項測試規定:(i)除非獲陸路交通管理局(Land Transport Authority)("陸交局")授權,否則不得測試或使用自動車;(ii)用作核准測試或特別用途的自動車可獲豁免,無須符合傳統車輛的技術規格;(iii)陸交局獲賦權在有需要時靈活地為個別自動車的測試或使用情況訂立或修訂規則,這樣既不危害道路使用者的安全,亦不窒礙自動車的創新;及(iv)阻撓和妨礙自動車的測試或干擾自動車的設備及裝置屬可懲罰罪行。監理沙盒的實施期定為5年,之後可予延續,亦可制定新的永久法規; |
(b) | 訂定測試規則及條件:根據陸交局在監理沙盒推出後於2017年8月引入的規則,自動車測試申請者必須提交證明文件,使陸交局信納有關車輛可在測試期間按擬議方式安全行駛。在進行道路測試前,該車輛須通過由陸交局聯同警方於封閉的測試設施內進行的安全評估(參閱下文相關部分),以證明該車輛有能力處理基本操作及在偵測到障礙物時安全停車。19註釋符號代表請參閱Land Transport Authority (2018)。
陸交局亦可在核准測試中施加不同條件,包括須安排一名合資格的安全駕駛員或操作員在場,在有需要時控制車輛;投購第三者責任保險;禁止運載乘客或貨品;及安裝數據記錄儀收集所需資料。這些條件與香港的指引大致相若。然而,沒有遵從有關條件屬可懲罰罪行,最高可處罰款1萬新加坡元(57,000港元)。此外,陸交局亦提供靈活的安排,自動車測試申請者若未能為擬議測試投購足夠的責任保險,可繳付150萬新加坡元(860萬港元)按金作為保證金; |
(c) | 設置專門測試設施:為支援監理沙盒制度下的廣泛測試工作,新加坡在裕廊創新區(Jurong Innovation District)興建了專為自動車而設的測試中心。該設施亦有助新加坡為自動車制訂測試規定及車輛標準,以支持自動車的長遠應用。該所佔地2萬平方米的封閉式設施設有一條由陸交局及其他機構共同開發,全長3.2公里並於2017年投入服務的車道。該設施仿製了新加坡道路的不同元素,採用相同的交通管理計劃、道路基建及交通規則,提供不同的測試場景。此外,該設施配備雨天模擬器及水浸區,以測試自動車在極端天氣下的導航能力,並且模擬高樓大廈林立的環境,以模仿受無線電干擾的操作情況;
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(d) | 廣泛開放公共道路/地區進行測試:自動車如通過在上述設施進行的安全評估,便可在指定地區進行公共道路測試。車輛會先在簡單的環境接受測試,再應付較複雜多變的環境。新加坡的測試道路由2015年的6公里逐漸增至2017年的70公里,現時已遍布不同用途的土地,包括住宅區。陸交局亦正陸續開放新加坡整個西部地區超過1 000公里的公共道路供進行測試,為自動車日後的長途及跨市鎮應用鋪路。為確保安全,陸交局亦利用其自動駕駛車輛監察及評估系統,實時監察在公共道路上行走的自動車活動;及
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(e) | 制訂國家標準:為加快自動車的應用,新加坡政府與業界及相關機構合作,就4級和5級自動車制訂一套臨時國家標準,為自動車的發展提供指導方針。該套名為"第68號技術參考"的標準,被視為全球首套全自動駕駛車輛指引,內容涵蓋基本駕駛行為、行車安全、網絡安全及數據4個範疇。新加坡政府並期望該套標準能有助建立包括初創企業、中小企以至測試、檢驗和認證服務供應商等持份者的自動車生態圈。 |
結語
立法會秘書處
資訊服務部
資料研究組
張志輝
2021年1月12日
香港
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1. | CGCC. (2018) Unmanned Driving - Technological Innovation for the Future.
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2. | Environment, Transport and Works Bureau. (2005) Legislative Council Brief: Road Traffic (Registration and Licensing of Vehicles) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulation 2005.
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3. | GovHK. (2019) LCQ8: Development and application of autonomous vehicles.
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4. | GovHK. (2020) LCQ20: Facilitating the application of information systems and development of autonomous vehicles.
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5. | Hong Kong e-Legislation. (2020) Road Traffic (Registration and Licensing of Vehicles) Regulations.
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6. | Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation. (2020) Autonomous Road Testing Hub.
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7. | SCMP. (2015) Hong Kong drivers using new Tesla autopilot software warned they are 'committing an offence'.
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8. | SCMP. (2017) Hong Kong's first driverless car forced to test in mainland China.
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9. | SCMP. (2019) Tech worries throw future of Hong Kong's first driverless electric bus route into doubt.
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12. | Transport Department. (2019a) Guidance Notes on the Trials of Autonomous Vehicles.
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13. | Transport Department. (2019b) Smart Mobility Roadmap for Hong Kong.
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新加坡
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16. | JTC Corporation. (2017) NTU, LTA and JTC unveil Singapore's first autonomous vehicle test centre.
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17. | KPMG. (2020) 2020 Autonomous Vehicles Readiness Index.
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18. | Law Reform Committee, Singapore Academy of Law. (2020a) Applying Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems in Regulatory Reform.
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19. | Law Reform Committee, Singapore Academy of Law. (2020b) Report on the Attribution of Civil Liability for Accidents Involving Autonomous Cars.
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20. | Land Transport Authority. (2014) Joint Release by the Land Transport Authority, JTC & A*STAR - A SAVEHI Step Towards Autonomous Transport.
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21. | Land Transport Authority. (2017) Singapore to start truck platooning trials.
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22. | Land Transport Authority. (2018) Media Replies: Autonomous vehicles must pass safety test before being allowed in trial areas.
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23. | Land Transport Authority. (2019a) Autonomous Vehicle Testbed to be Expanded to Western Singapore - Continued Emphasis on Public Safety.
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24. | Land Transport Authority. (2019b) Joint Media Release by the Land Transport Authority (LTA), Enterprise Singapore, Standards Development Organisation & Singapore Standards Council - Singapore Develops Provisional National Standards to Guide Development of Fully Autonomous Vehicles.
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25. | Ministry of Transport. (2014) Committee on Autonomous Road Transport for Singapore.
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26. | Ministry of Transport. (2017) Opening Speech by Second Minister for Transport Ng Chee Meng for the Road Traffic (Amendment) Bill Second Reading.
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27. | Nanyang Technological University. (2019) Centre of Excellence for Testing & Research of AVEHs - NTU (CETRAN).
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28. | Singapore Law Watch. (2020) Driverless cars: Who should be blamed for accidents?
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29. | Singapore Statutes Online. (2020a) Road Traffic Act.
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30. | Singapore Statutes Online. (2020b) Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017.
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31. | Smart Nation and Digital Government Office. (2020) Autonomous Vehicles.
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32. | Tan and Taiehagh. (2019) Adaptive and experimental governance in the implementation of autonomous vehicles: The case of Singapore.
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33. | The Strait Times. (2016a) Driverless car hits lorry during test drive.
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34. | The Strait Times. (2016b) 'Software anomalies' to blame for driverless car accident.
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35. | The Strait Times. (2018) Parliament: 14 autonomous vehicles currently being tested on roads with low traffic.
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36. | Today. (2015) Driverless car trials in one-north to start in March.
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其他
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37. | Asia Insurance Review. (2017) Autonomous vehicles: Impact on future stability of motor insurance.
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38. | Australian National Transport Commission. (2020) Automated vehicle program.
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39. | Baker & Mackenzie. (2018) Global Driverless Vehicle Survey 2018.
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40. | China Law Insight. (2020) Self-driving cars.
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41. | Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. (2017) Ethics Commission: Automated and Connected Driving.
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42. | Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. (2020) Automated and Connected Driving.
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43. | Imai, T. (2019) Legal regulation of autonomous driving technology: Current conditions and issues in Japan.
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44. | Intel. (2017) Accelerating the Future: The Economic Impact of the Emerging Passenger Economy.
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45. | Korea JoongAng Daily. (2019) K-City to open for autonomous vehicle testing.
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46. | Law Commission. (2020) Automated Vehicles.
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47. | Lee & Hess. (2020) Regulations for on-road testing of connected and automated vehicles: Assessing the potential for global safety harmonization.
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48. | National Conference of State Legislatures. (2020) Autonomous Vehicles - Self-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation.
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49. | OECD. (2015) Automated and Autonomous Driving: Regulations under uncertainty.
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50. | SAE International. (2018) SAE International Releases Updated Visual Chart for Its "Levels of Driving Automation" Standard for Self-Driving Vehicles.
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51. | SAE International. (2019) The key to autonomous vehicle safety is ODD.
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52. | Taeihagh & Lim. (2018) Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks.
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53. | UNECE. (2020) UN Regulation on Automated Lane Keeping Systems is milestone for safe introduction of automated vehicles in traffic.
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54. | Xinhuanet. (2020) Yearender-China Focus: Booming self-driving a big cake for Chinese, foreign companies.
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