ISE21/20-21
主題: | 人口政策、兒童及家庭支援、生育 |
香港的近期生育趨勢及育兒友善政策
圖1 - 1980-2020年期間的活產嬰兒數目及總和生育率
資料來源: Census and Statistics Department (2021a)。新加坡的生育政策及育兒友善政策
(a) | "嬰兒花紅現金獎勵計劃"下的特別資助:自2001年4月起,誕下第1名及第2名新生嬰兒的父母可獲8,000 新加坡元(46,560 港元)的一次性現金獎勵,於18個月內分5期發放。第3名及其後的每名新生嬰兒,生育獎金更增至10,000 新加坡元(58,200 港元),以累進資助方式鼓勵增加子女數目。24註釋符號代表Ministry of Social and Family Development (2021)。 此外,政府亦設立共同儲蓄計劃(名為"兒童發展戶口"),先行存入3,000 新加坡元(17,460 港元)作為前期資金。在子女年滿12歲前,父母於該戶口存入的款項,政府會作出等額配對供款,惟供款額設有上限,並同樣地按家庭子女數目而遞增;25註釋符號代表新加坡政府作出配對供款的上限如下:第1名子女3,000 新加坡元(17,460 港元),第2名子女6,000 新加坡元(34,920 港元),第3名及第4名子女增至9,000 新加坡元(52,380 港元),第5名及以上子女15,000 新加坡元(87,300 港元)。
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(b) | "家長稅務回扣"下的誘因:新加坡現存兩項有別於香港的育兒稅務誘因。首先,除子女免稅額外,新加坡的父母在第1名子女出生的年度,可從應繳稅款中獲5,000 新加坡元(29,100 港元)的一次性"家長稅務回扣"。26註釋符號代表第2名子女的家長稅務回扣限為10,000 新加坡元(58,200 港元),第3名及以上子女則為20,000 新加坡元(116,400 港元)。請參閱Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (2021a)。 此外,所有在職母親均可申領"在職母親子女評稅扣減",在計算個人入息稅時,就第1名子女豁免計算15%的收入;27註釋符號代表根據在職母親子女評稅扣減,育有第2名子女的在職母親可獲豁免計算20%的收入,育有第3名及以上子女者,獲豁免計算25%的收入。請參閱Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (2021b)。
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(c) | 較長的育兒假期:新加坡的在職母親自2008年起可享有長達16星期的有薪產假;而在職父親亦自2017年起可享有2星期的有薪侍產假。28註釋符號代表經雙方同意後,在職父親可分享妻子的產假,上限為4星期,以作為共同育兒假。請參閱Ministry of Manpower (2021b及2021c)。 此外,新加坡的父母在子女滿7歲前,每年可放取最多6天的有薪育兒假;至於育有2歲以下子女的父母,亦可每年放取最多6天的無薪育嬰假;29註釋符號代表Ministry of Manpower (2021a及2021d)。
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(d) | 更為慷慨的託兒資助:若父母將子女送往持牌託兒中心照顧,他們可獲發基本學前教育資助:年齡介乎2-18個月的嬰幼兒,每月資助額最多為600 新加坡元(3,490 港元);18-72個月的較年長兒童,每月資助額最多為300 新加坡元(1,750 港元)。30註釋符號代表每月收入低於限額(12,000 新加坡元或69,840 港元)的家庭,可獲額外資助,上限為每月710 新加坡元(4,130 港元)。請參閱Government of Singapore (2020b)。 為了向父母提供可負擔的託兒服務,新加坡政府於2021-2025年期間向超過320家私營託兒中心提供資助。31註釋符號代表相關經營者須將全日制託兒服務及嬰幼兒照顧服務的每月收費,分別維持在低於760 新加坡元(4,420 港元)及1,330 新加坡元(7,740 港元)的水平。請參閱Early Childhood Development Agency (2020)。 這項政策旨在把資助學前教育學童覆蓋率,由2019年的僅50%,顯著提升至2025年或之前的80%;
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(e) | 資助企業提供靈活工作安排:自2013年起,新加坡企業若向僱員提供靈活工作安排(例如彈性職務分配或彈性上班時間),可向政府申請"工作與生活和諧津貼",以彌補相關開支。就每名定期使用靈活工作安排的僱員,企業可獲發每年2,000 新加坡元(11,640 港元)的津貼,而兩年合計的津貼總額上限為70,000 新加坡元(407,400 港元)。不過,由於最近新冠疫情爆發,導致靈活工作安排的使用量激增,新加坡政府已於2020年8月暫停接受該項津貼的新申請;32註釋符號代表新冠疫情爆發後,領取工作與生活和諧津貼的受惠對象在2020年4-8月期間急增,涵蓋約8 000家公司逾9萬名僱員。請參閱Ministry of Manpower (2020)。
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(f) | 有意生育的父母可獲房屋優先權:在育兒優先配屋計劃下,懷孕中及已有1名子女的新婚夫婦可獲優先權,購買資助出售房屋單位。33註釋符號代表Housing and Development Board (2021b)。 同樣地,已育有至少3名子女的家庭,可在第三名子女優先配屋計劃下獲得優先權。34註釋符號代表Housing and Development Board (2021c)。 此外,打算在3個月內結婚的準夫婦,亦可在未婚夫妻住房計劃下購買資助房屋;35註釋符號代表Housing and Development Board (2021a)。 及
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(g) | 提供更多輔助生殖科技的支援:對於需要輔助生殖科技的夫婦,新加坡政府提供更多支援。在公營輔助生育中心接受輔助生殖科技程序的夫婦,最多可獲新加坡政府共同支付75%的費用,而輪候時間亦僅為2-6星期。36註釋符號代表Government of Singapore (2020a)及Ministry of Health (2020)。 |
圖2 - 1970-2020年期間新加坡與其他選定地方的總和生育率
註: (1) | 截至2019年的最新數字。 |
資料來源: | Department of Statistics Singapore (2021)、Census and Statistics Department (2021a)、Ministry of Labor (2021)、Statistics Korea (2021)、Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021)及World Bank (2021)。 |
結語
立法會秘書處
資訊服務部
資料研究組
林昇陽
2021年8月4日
香港
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1. | Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit. (2021) Public Service Appointment.
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2. | Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre. (2014) Launch of the city's first comprehensive Child Cost Calculator.
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3. | Census and Statistics Department. (2018) 2016 Population By-census (Thematic Report: Persons Living in Subdivided Units).
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4. | Census and Statistics Department. (2020a) Fertility Trend in Hong Kong, 1981 to 2019.
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5. | Census and Statistics Department. (2020b) Hong Kong Population Projections 2020-2069.
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6. | Census and Statistics Department. (2020c) Table E486: Hong Kong Labour Force Projections.
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7. | Census and Statistics Department. (2021a) Table 3: Vital Events.
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8. | Census and Statistics Department. (2021b) Table 4: Number of live births born in Hong Kong to Mainland women.
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9. | Census and Statistics Department. (2021c) Women and Men in Hong Kong - Key Statistics (2021 Edition).
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10. | Centre of Assisted Reproduction and Embryology. (2021) Contact Us.
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11. | Chen, M. and Yip, P.S.F. (2017) The Discrepancy Between Ideal and Actual Parity in Hong Kong: Fertility Desire, Intention, and Behavior. Population Research and Policy Review, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 583-605.
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12. | Chief Secretary for Administration's Office. (2015) Population Policy: Strategies and Initiatives.
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13. | GovHK. (2017a) LCQ8: Medical support for women in relation to child birth.
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14. | GovHK. (2017b) LCQ15: Measures to encourage childbearing.
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15. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2019) Opportunities and challenges facing maternal workforce in Hong Kong.
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16. | Leung, L.C. (2016) Making Policy for Child Care in Hong Kong.
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17. | Lui, C.W.L. (2019) Family Policies, Social Norms and Fertility Decisions: A Survey Experiment.
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18. | Rindfuss, R.R. and Choe, M.K. (2015) Diversity across Low-Fertility Countries: An Overview. Low and Lower Fertility, pp. 1-13.
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19. | Yip, P.S.F. (2014) A Study of Aspiration of Fertility amongst Married Women in Hong Kong (Age 15-49).
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20. | Youth I.D.E.A.S. (2018) Boosting Birth Rate in Hong Kong.
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新加坡
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21. | Department of Statistics Singapore. (2021) Births And Fertility Rates, Annual.
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22. | Early Childhood Development Agency. (2020) More Families to Benefit from Lower Fee Caps at 324 Childcare Centres Appointed as Partner Operators.
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23. | Government of Singapore. (2020a) Co-Funding For Assisted Conception Procedures (ACP).
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24. | Government of Singapore. (2020b) Subsidies For Preschool.
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25. | Housing and Development Board. (2021a) Fiancé/Fiancée Scheme.
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26. | Housing and Development Board. (2021b) Parenthood Priority Scheme (PPS).
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27. | Housing and Development Board. (2021c) Third Child Priority Scheme (TCPS).
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28. | Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. (2021a) Parenthood Tax Rebate (PTR).
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29. | Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. (2021b) Working Mother's Child Relief (WMCR).
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30. | Jones, G.W. and Hamid, W. (2015) Singapore's Pro-natalist Policies: To What Extent Have They Worked? Low and Lower Fertility, pp. 33-61.
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31. | Koh, C.Y. (2018) Fertility Rebound in the OECD: Insights for Singapore.
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32. | Ministry of Health. (2020) Extension of Assisted Conception Procedure Co-Funding to Private Assisted Reproduction Centres.
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33. | Ministry of Manpower. (2020) Work-Life Grant (WLG) for flexible work arrangements.
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34. | Ministry of Manpower. (2021a) Childcare leave eligibility and entitlement.
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35. | Ministry of Manpower. (2021b) Maternity leave eligibility and entitlement.
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36. | Ministry of Manpower. (2021c) Paternity leave.
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37. | Ministry of Manpower. (2021d) Unpaid infant care leave.
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38. | Ministry of Social and Family Development. (2021) Baby Bonus Scheme.
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39. | United Nations Population Division. (2015) Do pro-fertility policies in Singapore offer a model for other low-fertility countries in Asia?
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其他
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40. | Kisi. (2021) Cities with the Best Work-Life Balance 2021.
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41. | Ministry of Labor. (2021) Fertility Rates of Childbearing Age Women.
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42. | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019) PF2.1. Parental leave systems.
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43. | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021) Fertility rates.
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44. | Statistics Korea. (2021) Preliminary Results of Birth and Death Statistics in 2020.
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45. | United Nations Population Fund. (2019) Policy responses to low fertility: How effective are they?
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46. | World Bank. (2021) Fertility rate, total (births per woman).
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