ISE09/17-18
主题: | 卫生事务、电子健康纪录互通系统、病人私隐、个人资料、病人平台 |
电子健康资料互通的优点和关注事项
香港电子健康纪录互通系统的近期发展
爱沙尼亚的全国健康资料系统
(a) | 强制规定病人参与:有别于香港的自愿参与性质,爱沙尼亚全体国民如非选择退出,均要强制参与全国健康资料系统。所有医护提供者的综合资料库均载有爱沙尼亚几乎全体国民的完整电子健康纪录,以供网上查阅;
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(b) | 电子健康纪录涵盖全面:爱沙尼亚的电子健康资料甚为全面,涵盖各个不同范畴,包括诊断、医生巡房、化验、医疗影像、手术程序及住院治疗的相关资料;
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(c) | 病人有权退出全国健康资料系统:爱沙尼亚虽然强制规定国民参与全国健康资料系统,但国民亦有权选择退出,或保留某些健康资料不予互通。然而,当地只有2% 人口选择退出全国健康资料系统;
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(d) | 系统同时涵盖电子药物处方:除了电子健康纪录外,医生及医护专业人员可向病人发出电子药物处方。由于爱沙尼亚所有医院和药房均可透过中央系统取览电子药物处方,病人只需向药房出示电子病人卡,即可获得医生处方的药物,省却不必要的文书及向医生求诊程序;
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(e) | 将区块链技术应用于资料保安:爱沙尼亚将电子健康纪录系统的整体保安设定为最高级别,保安措施每两年经独立专业人士审核。此外,"全国健康资料系统的资料在实际运作上已加密",为可互通资料提供额外保障。16注释符号代表European Commission (2014)。 最近,为进一步加强资料保安,爱沙尼亚政府在2016年采用区块链技术,以不可更改的审计追踪(audit trail),记录电子健康纪录的所有取览活动。事实上,爱沙尼亚是全球首个国家,将区块链技术应用于全国的医护服务上;
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(f) | 病人平台及限制取览部分资料:爱沙尼亚在2009年推出病人平台,让国民决定其个人在全国健康资料系统可互通资料的范围。病人可在平台上,(i)拒绝个别医护专业人员取览其电子健康资料;17注释符号代表Priisalu, J. and Ottis, R. (2017)。及(ii)限制取览其全部电子健康纪录或披露特定疾病的文件。然而,就某些关键的健康资料而言,医护专业人员可设定为期最多6个月的限制,不让病人取览该等资料,以便事先与病人讨论与该等健康资料相关的医护诊疗事宜;18注释符号代表European Commission (2014)。 及
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(g) | 运用大数据设定专门疗程:爱沙尼亚亦运用全国健康资料系统內的大数据,编制全国统计数字,并追踪当地的健康趋势和疫症。最近,爱沙尼亚政府在2018年推出名为"个人化医疗"的新计划。19注释符号代表"个人化医疗"指由过往以同一套疗程治理和照顾出现个别状况的病人,改为采用新方式,更有效管理病人健康和选择更具针对性的疗法,藉以在管理病人病况或易病体质方面达到最佳疗效。在2018年,爱沙尼亚政府向10万名居民提供免费基因测试,以发展个人化医疗计划。关于"个人化医疗",详情请参阅National Health Service of the United Kingdom。 透过分析系统內的基因资料库和电子健康纪录,可以辨识疾病与健康习惯之间的关系。医护专业人员可按分析所得的结果,向病人提供个人化的专门疗程,而非如过往般以同一套疗程治理所有病人。 |
立法会秘书处
资讯服务部
资料研究组
吴珈毅
2018年8月22日
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其他
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