ISE13/20-21
主题: | 交通、自动驾驶车辆、智慧城市、智慧出行、监理沙盒 |
自动驾驶车辆的机遇和挑战
香港的自动驾驶车辆政策
新加坡的经验
(a) | 消除法律上有关自动车的测试和使用的不确定性:当局于2017年2月修订《道路交通法令》(Road Traffic Act),界定自动驾驶车辆、自动驾驶系统及自动化技术的定义。有关修订是新加坡首次在法律上承认自动车的特殊地位。虽然该法令沒有明文规定,但交通部长(Minister for Transport)表明该法令将适用于3级或以上的自动车。18注释符号代表请参阅Ministry of Transport (2017)。
具体而言,有关修订引入一个"平衡、轻度"及灵活的"监理沙盒",订明多项测试规定:(i)除非获陆路交通管理局(Land Transport Authority)("陆交局")授权,否则不得测试或使用自动车;(ii)用作核准测试或特别用途的自动车可获豁免,无须符合传统车辆的技术规格;(iii)陆交局获赋权在有需要时灵活地为个别自动车的测试或使用情况订立或修订规则,这样既不危害道路使用者的安全,亦不窒碍自动车的创新;及(iv)阻挠和妨碍自动车的测试或干扰自动车的设备及装置属可惩罚罪行。监理沙盒的实施期定为5年,之后可予延续,亦可制定新的永久法规; |
(b) | 订定测试规则及条件:根据陆交局在监理沙盒推出后于2017年8月引入的规则,自动车测试申请者必须提交证明文件,使陆交局信纳有关车辆可在测试期间按拟议方式安全行驶。在进行道路测试前,该车辆须通过由陆交局联同警方于封闭的测试设施內进行的安全评估(参阅下文相关部分),以证明该车辆有能力处理基本操作及在侦测到障碍物时安全停车。19注释符号代表请参阅Land Transport Authority (2018)。
陆交局亦可在核准测试中施加不同条件,包括须安排一名合资格的安全驾驶员或操作员在场,在有需要时控制车辆;投购第三者责任保险;禁止运载乘客或货品;及安装数据记录仪收集所需资料。这些条件与香港的指引大致相若。然而,沒有遵从有关条件属可惩罚罪行,最高可处罚款1万新加坡元(57,000港元)。此外,陆交局亦提供灵活的安排,自动车测试申请者若未能为拟议测试投购足够的责任保险,可缴付150万新加坡元(860万港元)按金作为保证金; |
(c) | 设置专门测试设施:为支援监理沙盒制度下的广泛测试工作,新加坡在裕廊创新区(Jurong Innovation District)兴建了专为自动车而设的测试中心。该设施亦有助新加坡为自动车制订测试规定及车辆标准,以支持自动车的长远应用。该所占地2万平方米的封闭式设施设有一条由陆交局及其他机构共同开发,全长3.2公里并于2017年投入服务的车道。该设施仿制了新加坡道路的不同元素,采用相同的交通管理计划、道路基建及交通规则,提供不同的测试场景。此外,该设施配备雨天模拟器及水浸区,以测试自动车在极端天气下的导航能力,并且模拟高楼大厦林立的环境,以模仿受无线电干扰的操作情况;
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(d) | 广泛开放公共道路/地区进行测试:自动车如通过在上述设施进行的安全评估,便可在指定地区进行公共道路测试。车辆会先在简单的环境接受测试,再应付较复杂多变的环境。新加坡的测试道路由2015年的6公里逐渐增至2017年的70公里,现时已遍布不同用途的土地,包括住宅区。陆交局亦正陆续开放新加坡整个西部地区超过1 000公里的公共道路供进行测试,为自动车日后的长途及跨市镇应用铺路。为确保安全,陆交局亦利用其自动驾驶车辆监察及评估系统,实时监察在公共道路上行走的自动车活动;及
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(e) | 制订国家标准:为加快自动车的应用,新加坡政府与业界及相关机构合作,就4级和5级自动车制订一套临时国家标准,为自动车的发展提供指导方针。该套名为"第68号技术参考"的标准,被视为全球首套全自动驾驶车辆指引,內容涵盖基本驾驶行为、行车安全、网络安全及数据4个范畴。新加坡政府并期望该套标准能有助建立包括初创企业、中小企以至测试、检验和认证服务供应商等持份者的自动车生态圈。 |
结语
立法会秘书处
资讯服务部
资料研究组
张志辉
2021年1月12日
香港
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1. | CGCC. (2018) Unmanned Driving - Technological Innovation for the Future.
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2. | Environment, Transport and Works Bureau. (2005) Legislative Council Brief: Road Traffic (Registration and Licensing of Vehicles) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulation 2005.
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3. | GovHK. (2019) LCQ8: Development and application of autonomous vehicles.
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4. | GovHK. (2020) LCQ20: Facilitating the application of information systems and development of autonomous vehicles.
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5. | Hong Kong e-Legislation. (2020) Road Traffic (Registration and Licensing of Vehicles) Regulations.
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6. | Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation. (2020) Autonomous Road Testing Hub.
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8. | SCMP. (2017) Hong Kong's first driverless car forced to test in mainland China.
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新加坡
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18. | Law Reform Committee, Singapore Academy of Law. (2020a) Applying Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems in Regulatory Reform.
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19. | Law Reform Committee, Singapore Academy of Law. (2020b) Report on the Attribution of Civil Liability for Accidents Involving Autonomous Cars.
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20. | Land Transport Authority. (2014) Joint Release by the Land Transport Authority, JTC & A*STAR - A SAVEHI Step Towards Autonomous Transport.
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21. | Land Transport Authority. (2017) Singapore to start truck platooning trials.
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22. | Land Transport Authority. (2018) Media Replies: Autonomous vehicles must pass safety test before being allowed in trial areas.
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23. | Land Transport Authority. (2019a) Autonomous Vehicle Testbed to be Expanded to Western Singapore - Continued Emphasis on Public Safety.
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25. | Ministry of Transport. (2014) Committee on Autonomous Road Transport for Singapore.
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26. | Ministry of Transport. (2017) Opening Speech by Second Minister for Transport Ng Chee Meng for the Road Traffic (Amendment) Bill Second Reading.
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35. | The Strait Times. (2018) Parliament: 14 autonomous vehicles currently being tested on roads with low traffic.
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36. | Today. (2015) Driverless car trials in one-north to start in March.
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其他
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37. | Asia Insurance Review. (2017) Autonomous vehicles: Impact on future stability of motor insurance.
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38. | Australian National Transport Commission. (2020) Automated vehicle program.
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39. | Baker & Mackenzie. (2018) Global Driverless Vehicle Survey 2018.
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40. | China Law Insight. (2020) Self-driving cars.
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41. | Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. (2017) Ethics Commission: Automated and Connected Driving.
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42. | Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. (2020) Automated and Connected Driving.
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43. | Imai, T. (2019) Legal regulation of autonomous driving technology: Current conditions and issues in Japan.
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44. | Intel. (2017) Accelerating the Future: The Economic Impact of the Emerging Passenger Economy.
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45. | Korea JoongAng Daily. (2019) K-City to open for autonomous vehicle testing.
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46. | Law Commission. (2020) Automated Vehicles.
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47. | Lee & Hess. (2020) Regulations for on-road testing of connected and automated vehicles: Assessing the potential for global safety harmonization.
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48. | National Conference of State Legislatures. (2020) Autonomous Vehicles - Self-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation.
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49. | OECD. (2015) Automated and Autonomous Driving: Regulations under uncertainty.
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50. | SAE International. (2018) SAE International Releases Updated Visual Chart for Its "Levels of Driving Automation" Standard for Self-Driving Vehicles.
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51. | SAE International. (2019) The key to autonomous vehicle safety is ODD.
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52. | Taeihagh & Lim. (2018) Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks.
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53. | UNECE. (2020) UN Regulation on Automated Lane Keeping Systems is milestone for safe introduction of automated vehicles in traffic.
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54. | Xinhuanet. (2020) Yearender-China Focus: Booming self-driving a big cake for Chinese, foreign companies.
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