ISE12/20-21
主題: | 人力事務、政制事務、人權、年齡歧視法 |
香港防止年齡歧視的近期政策發展
圖1 - 1999年至2019年期間的香港年長人口的勞動參與率
資料來源:政府統計處。新西蘭的年齡歧視法
(a) | 保障範圍︰新西蘭的年齡歧視法保障所有16歲或以上的僱員。有關法例提供4個主要保障範圍,即(i)拒絕聘用申請人;(ii)給予較差的聘用條件;(iii)拒絕提供培訓及晉升機會;及(iv)終止合約或迫使退休。現時,向求職人士查問其年齡亦屬非法行為;
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(b) | 由兩個公共機構處理歧視投訴︰有別其他先進地區的年齡歧視法,新西蘭的年齡歧視法採取以磋商為本的温和做法。當年長僱員無法與僱主在任職機構內部解決由歧視行為引起的糾紛時,可以向兩個公共機構其中一個投訴,即"人權委員會"和"新西蘭僱傭局"。一般而言,這兩個機構會在15個工作日內決定是否接受有關投訴;
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(c) | 僱傭雙方的調解︰在接受歧視投訴之後,人權委員會或新西蘭僱傭局將為僱主與僱員提供免費調解服務,務求盡早解決糾紛。為使雙方能坦誠討論,調解過程所得資料會被保密,不能在其後的訴訟中用作證據。如果雙方達成的協議獲得認證,有關協定可在法院執行;
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(d) | 就持續的分歧採取跟進法律行動︰如果經過調解之後仍未能解決糾紛,年長僱員可以將其投訴個案交由兩個法律機構(即"人權覆核審裁處"及"僱傭關係局")尋求和解。年長僱員可申請免費的法律代表;
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(e) | 法律爭議和解下的賠償補救︰這兩個法律機構有權就歧視行為下令要求作出補救(如禁制令、金錢補償或復職)。須予注意的是,這些補救措施均屬賠償及矯正性質,而非懲罰性做法或刑事制裁;及
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(f) | 豁免生產力因素相關的年齡歧視︰年齡歧視法明確訂定,當年齡因為安全及其他合理理由而成為一項"確實的職業資格"時,該法便不適用。例如,年齡歧視法容許給予20歲以下僱員較低的薪酬。 |
結語
立法會秘書處
資訊服務部
資料研究組
林昇陽
2021年1月5日
香港
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1. | Chan, A. (2013) A Study on the Preferences and Feasibility of Optional Retirement in Hong Kong: A Human Resources Management Perspective.
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2. | Education and Manpower Branch. (1996) Paper for LegCo Manpower Panel Equal Opportunities: Discrimination in Employment on the Ground of Age.
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3. | Egdell, V. et al. (2017) The Impact of an Ageing Workforce on Employers in Hong Kong: A Study of the Service Sector.
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4. | Equal Opportunities Commission. (2014) Study on Discrimination in the Hong Kong Workplace.
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5. | Equal Opportunities Commission. (2016) Exploratory Study on Age Discrimination in Employment.
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6. | Equal Opportunities Commission. (2019) Equal Opportunities Commission Strategic Plan 2020 - 2022.
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7. | GovHK. (2018) LCQ11: Support for people aged between 60 and 64.
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8. | GovHK. (2019) LCQ9: Assisting persons aged between 60 and 64 in securing employment.
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9. | Hugill & Ip Solicitors (2019) Discrimination in the Workplace.
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10. | Labour and Welfare Bureau. (2019) Report on Manpower Projection to 2027.
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11. | Labour Department. (2006) Practical Guidelines for Employers on Eliminating Age Discrimination in Employment.
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12. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (1996) Implementation of Legislative Provisions to Deal with Age Discrimination in Employment in New South Wales, Australia and New Zealand.
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13. | Legislative Council Secretariat. (2019) Motion on "Supporting elderly persons aged between 60 and 64 on all fronts" moved by Hon KWOK Wai-keung at the Council meeting of 29 May 2019.
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14. | Youth I.D.E.A.S. (2018) Encouraging Young-Olds Employment.
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15. | Zou, M. (2015) The Coming of Age: Mandatory Retirement and Age Discrimination Law.
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16. | 《林正財:立法禁年齡歧視可考慮》,《明報》,2019年2月18日。
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17. | 《職場年齡歧視 50歲後搵工難 學者倡效外國 漸進式退休助就業》,《經濟日報》,2017年4月26日。
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18. | 香港政府一站通(2016年3月18日):政制及內地事務局局長及平機會主席遴選委員會會見傳媒發言內容(二)。
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19. | 陳章明(2019年2月25日):迎接挑戰:香港勞動人口與社會老化,《商界展關懷》。
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新西蘭
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20. | Backham, A. (2018) Recent Developments in Australian and New Zealand Age Discrimination Law: A Comparative Perspective.
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21. | Davey, J. (2014) Age Discrimination in the Workplace.
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22. | Harcourt, M. et al. (2010) The Effects of Anti-age Discrimination Legislation: A Comparative Analysis.
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23. | Khawaja, M. and Boddington, B. (2009) Too Early to Retire? Growing Participation of Older New Zealanders in the Labour Force.
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24. | McGregor, J. et al. (2002) Stereotypes and older workers: The New Zealand experience.
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25. | New Zealand Human Rights Commission. (2019) Annual Report 2018/19.
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26. | New Zealand Prime Ministerial Task Force on Employment. (1994) Focus on Employment: The Government's Response to the Employment Task Force and the Multi-Party Group Memorandum of Understanding.
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27. | Stats NZ. (2019) Labour market statistics (working life): December 2018 quarter.
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其他
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28. | International Labour Organization. (2006) Conditions of work and employment for older workers in industrialized countries: Understanding the issues.
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29. | International Labour Organization. (2008) Age discrimination and older workers: Theory and legislation in comparative context.
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30. | Lewis Silkin LLP. (2020) Age Discrimination Info: International Age Discrimination.
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31. | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019) Ageing and Employment Policies: Working Better with Age.
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32. | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020) OECD Labour Force Statistics 2020.
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